In the world of sumo, the ring is not ruled by wrestlers alone. Standing beside them are the gyōji, or referees—guardians of fairness and tradition.
Among them, the Kimura and Shikimori families form the two great lineages that have preserved the art of officiating for centuries.
They embody Japan’s sense of discipline, beauty, and respect, ensuring that every match reflects the dignity of this ancient sport.
The Role of a Gyōji
A gyōji is the official who fairly judges sumo bouts. On the dohyō, they observe the movements of the wrestlers and raise a gunbai (referee’s fan) to declare victory.
However, their duty extends far beyond judging. They are also responsible for conducting rituals, maintaining order, and preserving etiquette. The gyōji calls out the wrestlers’ names, signals the start of the match, and oversees every detail of the ceremony, ensuring that the dignity of the sacred ring is maintained.
Their costume has deep cultural meaning. They wear hitatare, a robe modeled after the attire of Heian-period court nobles. The short sword worn at the waist symbolizes the referee’s solemn resolve to take responsibility if a judgment is mistaken. Although it is purely symbolic today, it reflects the deep sense of honor and accountability associated with the role.
| Rank | Title | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Jonokuchi / Jonidan Gyōji | Kimura ___, Shikimori ___ | Apprenticeship stage, simple attire |
| Makushita Gyōji | Kimura ___, Shikimori ___ | Gaining experience in officiating |
| Jūryō Gyōji | Kimura ___, Shikimori ___ | Central referee for major matches |
| Makuuchi Gyōji | Kimura ___, Shikimori ___ | Fully recognized top-tier referee |
| Tate-gyōji | Kimura Shōnosuke, Shikimori Inosuke | Highest rank, symbol of tradition |
The gyōji’s voice is both functional and artistic. Their rhythmic shouts such as “Hakkeyoi!” and “Nokotta!” both motivate wrestlers and enhance the atmosphere for spectators. Their voice, posture, and gestures are a form of traditional performance art in themselves.
The Kimura and Shikimori Families
The two lineages of sumo referees are the Kimura family and the Shikimori family. Both have roots dating back to the Edo period and have preserved the traditions of sumo officiating for generations.
| Family | Characteristics | Impression |
|---|---|---|
| Kimura | Gentle and respectful officiating style | Graceful and composed |
| Shikimori | Emphasis on authority and precision | Dignified and powerful |
Gyōji of the Kimura family are known for their calm voice and elegant movements. In contrast, the Shikimori family is recognized for their deep, commanding tone and dignified gestures.
These subtle differences influence how each match feels to the audience. The presence of the gyōji can dramatically change the emotional tone of a bout.
| Comparison Point | Kimura Family | Shikimori Family |
|---|---|---|
| Color of Attire | Green or brown tones | Dark purple or black |
| Vocal Style | Soft, smooth, melodic | Deep, strong, resonant |
| Gesture Style | Careful and restrained | Sharp and authoritative |
| Overall Impression | Elegant and refined | Formal and commanding |
Both families share one mission: to make sumo beautiful through fairness and form. Understanding their contrasts adds another layer of appreciation for sumo fans.
What Is a Tate-gyōji?
The tate-gyōji is the pinnacle of the referee hierarchy—a position of both honor and responsibility. The highest title in the Kimura family is Kimura Shōnosuke, while in the Shikimori family it is Shikimori Inosuke.
Tate-gyōji preside over the most important bouts, including the final match of each tournament. They must judge instantly and flawlessly, even in the closest contests, and bear full responsibility for the outcome.
| Title | Family | Meaning / Role |
|---|---|---|
| Kimura Shōnosuke | Kimura | Symbol of elegance and dignity |
| Shikimori Inosuke | Shikimori | Symbol of authority and leadership |
Becoming a tate-gyōji requires over 30 years of training and evaluation. In addition to skill, one must cultivate composure, integrity, and refined manners. Every gesture carries the weight of history, representing not just the self, but all gyōji who came before.
The Name Succession and the Inheritance of Tradition
The gyōji world follows a name inheritance system, where titles are not passed by blood but by skill and respect. Apprentices train for years before earning the right to take on a family name, ensuring the continuity of tradition through merit.
| Training Stage | Content | Objective |
|---|---|---|
| Apprentice Period | Assisting below the ring and observing | Learning discipline and etiquette |
| Lower-ranked Gyōji | Officiating early bouts | Developing focus and fairness |
| Makushita and Above | Independent officiating | Building skill and trust |
| Makuuchi / Tate-gyōji | Supervising the entire tournament | Becoming a living embodiment of sumo culture |
Training covers every detail—voice control, posture, bowing angles, and fan gestures. Every motion has symbolic meaning. The angle of the gunbai represents “the link between heaven and earth,” reflecting the divine origins of sumo as a sacred ritual.
Both lineages emphasize this spiritual dimension. Disciples carefully emulate their masters’ techniques, preserving the essence of tradition while allowing gradual refinement. This balance between preservation and innovation is why the gyōji legacy continues to thrive today.
The Modern Role of the Gyōji
Sumo’s growing global popularity has brought new attention to the gyōji. Their elegant robes, powerful voices, and precise gestures have become admired symbols of Japanese tradition. For international audiences, the gyōji often serve as ambassadors of Japan’s cultural depth.
Today’s gyōji are not just judges; they are performers and cultural guardians. The colors and embroidery of their garments change with the seasons, often incorporating motifs symbolizing prosperity and purity.
| Perspective | Role / Meaning |
|---|---|
| Aesthetic Aspect | Attire and fan designs feature traditional patterns |
| Ritual Aspect | Ceremonial movements rooted in Shinto beliefs |
| Cultural Impact | Representing Japan’s heritage worldwide |
| Educational Value | Teaching respect, discipline, and composure through conduct |
Modern gyōji balance tradition with clarity, ensuring matches are easy to follow for both Japanese and international audiences. Their effort allows sumo to remain a living cultural heritage—old yet ever renewed.
Conclusion
The Kimura and Shikimori families are the twin pillars supporting the spiritual and cultural core of sumo. Despite their stylistic differences, both uphold the same ideals of fairness, respect, and pride.
Every fan movement, every word they speak, carries centuries of history and devotion.
When watching sumo, take a moment to observe the gyōji standing between the wrestlers. In their quiet composure and precise movements, you can see the living expression of Japanese aesthetics, discipline, and spiritual grace.
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